187 research outputs found
Managing Rush Hour Congestion with Lane Reversal and Tradable Credits
Within the morning and evening rush hour, the two-way road flows are always unbalanced in opposite directions. In order to make full advantage of the existing lanes, the two-way road lane has to be reallocated to play the best role in managing congestion. On the other hand, an effective tradable credit scheme can help to reduce the traffic demand and improve fairness for all travelers. So as to alleviate the commute congestion in urban transportation network, a discrete bilevel programming model is established in this paper. In the bilevel model, the government at the upper level reallocates lanes on the two-way road to minimize the total system cost. The traveler at the lower level chooses the optimal route on the basis of both travel time and credit charging for the lanes involved. A numerical experiment is conducted to examine the efficiency of the proposed method
Investigation of Voronoi diagram based Direction Choices Using Uni- and Bi-directional Trajectory Data
In a crowd, individuals make different motion choices such as "moving to
destination", "following another pedestrian", and "making a detour". For the
sake of convenience, the three direction choices are respectively called
destination direction, following direction and detour direction in this paper.
Here, it is found that the featured direction choices could be inspired by the
shape characteristics of Voronoi diagram. To be specific, in the Voronoi cell
of a pedestrian, the direction to a Voronoi node is regarded as a potential
"detour" direction, and the direction perpendicular to a Voronoi link is
regarded as a potential "following" direction. A pedestrian generally owns
several alternative Voronoi nodes and Voronoi links in a Voronoi cell, and the
optimal detour and following direction are determined by considering related
factors such as deviation. Plus the destination direction which is directly
pointing to the destination, the three basic direction choices are defined in a
Voronoi cell. In order to evaluate the Voronoi diagram based basic directions,
the empirical trajectory data in both uni- and bi-directional flow experiments
are extracted. A time series method considering the step frequency is used to
reduce the original trajectories' swaying phenomena which might disturb the
recognition of actual forward direction. The deviations between the empirical
velocity direction and the basic directions are investigated, and each velocity
direction is classified into a basic direction or regarded as an inexplicable
direction according to the deviations. The analysis results show that each
basic direction could be a potential direction choice for a pedestrian. The
combination of the three basic directions could cover most empirical velocity
direction choices in both uni- and bi-directional flow experiments.Comment: 10pages, 12 figure
Car Delay Model near Bus Stops with Mixed Traffic Flow
This paper proposes a model for estimating car delays at bus stops under mixed traffic using probability theory and queuing theory. The roadway is divided to serve motorized and nonmotorized traffic streams. Bus stops are located on the nonmotorized lanes. When buses dwell at the stop, they block the bicycles. Thus, two conflict points between car stream and other traffic stream are identified. The first conflict point occurs as bicycles merge to the motorized lane to avoid waiting behind the stopping buses. The second occurs as buses merge back to the motorized lane. The average car delay is estimated as the sum of the average delay at these two conflict points and the delay resulting from following the slower bicycles that merged into the motorized lane. Data are collected to calibrate and validate the developed model from one site in Beijing. The sensitivity of car delay to various operation conditions is examined. The results show that both bus stream and bicycle stream have significant effects on car delay. At bus volumes above 200 vehicles per hour, the curbside stop design is not appropriate because of the long car delays. It can be replaced by the bus bay design
Switch between critical percolation modes in city traffic dynamics
Percolation transition is widely observed in networks ranging from biology to
engineering. While much attention has been paid to network topologies, studies
rarely focus on critical percolation phenomena driven by network dynamics.
Using extensive real data, we study the critical percolation properties in city
traffic dynamics. Our results suggest that two modes of different critical
percolation behaviors are switching in the same network topology under
different traffic dynamics. One mode of city traffic (during nonrush hours or
days off) has similar critical percolation characteristics as small world
networks, while the other mode (during rush hours on working days) tends to
behave as a 2D lattice. This switching behavior can be understood by the fact
that the high-speed urban roads during nonrush hours or days off (that are
congested during rush hours) represent effective long-range connections, like
in small world networks. Our results might be useful for understanding and
improving traffic resilience.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, Daqing Li, Ziyou Gao and H. Eugene Stanley are
the corresponding authors ([email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
High-occupancy Vehicle Lanes and Tradable Credits Scheme for Traffic Congestion Management: A Bilevel Programming Approach
High-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, which are designed so as to encourage more people to use high-capacity travel modes and thus move more people in a single roadway lane, have been implemented as a lane management measure to deal with the growing traffic congestion in practice. However, the implementation has shown that some HOV lanes are not able to achieve the expected effects without proper HOV lane settings. In this study, the tradable credits scheme (TCS) is introduced to improve the HOV lane management and an optimal capacity of HOV lanes in a multilane highway is investigated to match TCSs. To approach the investigation, a bilevel programming model is proposed. The upper-level represents the decision of the highway authority and the lower-level follows the commuters’ user equilibrium with deterministic demand. The potential influence of TCSs is further investigated within the proposed framework. A modified genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the bilevel programming model. Numerical examples demonstrate that combining TCSs with the HOV lane management can obviously mitigate traffic congestion.</p
Assessment of the tradeoff between energy efficiency and transfer opportunities in an urban rail transit network
Urban rail transit (URT) in metropolitan areas consumes huge energy. Energy-efficient timetabling (EET) of URT is an essential measurement of URT management and technologies toward carbon neutralization initiatives. However, the majority EET studies focus on single URT lines ignoring passenger transfer and path choice in the entire URT network. As passenger path choice and timetabling are interdependent in a URT network, the ignorance of passenger transfers potentially results in irrelevant energy efficiency of a URT network. This paper proposes a bi-objective EET model incorporating the minimization of passenger transfer times as an objective in addition to energy efficiency. The timetabling objectives and constraints are linearized, and the bi-objective is transformed into a single objective by a linear weighting method. Utilizing the passenger demand and speed profile data of URT in the City of Xi'an (China), a case study is performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed EET model. The numerical results show that an optimized timetable solution can reduce 25.1% energy consumption and save 3.3% passenger transfer time.</p
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